Saturday 31 August 2013
Tuesday 20 August 2013
Bhangra and Giddha dance performances by Punjabi dancers during Baisakhi Mela 2013, Delhi
| Bhangra and Giddha dance performances by Punjabi dancers during Baisakhi Mela 2013, Delhi | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1hJ2t6MqYw |
Sunday 11 August 2013
Indian cuisine and food in India
India kitchen or Indian cuisine covers a wide range of regional cuisines from India . Given the range of diversity in the type of soil , climate and professions, these kitchens vary greatly from each other and use locally available spices , herbs , vegetables and fruits. Indian cuisine is strongly influenced by religious and cultural choices .
The development of these Indian cuisines and kitchens have been shaped by beliefs Dharmic , particularly in vegetarianism , which is a growing food trend in Indian society . There was also an influence in Central Asia on North Indian cuisine years of Mughal rule and the Turkish sultanate of Delhi . Indian cuisine has been and is still evolving , due to the nation's cultural interactions with other companies .
Historical incidents such as foreign invasions, trade and colonialism have also played a role in the introduction of certain foods in the country. For example, potatoes, a staple of the Indian diet was brought to India by the Portuguese, who also introduced chillies and breadfruit Indian cuisine also marked the history of relations international , . The spice trade between India and Europe is often cited by historians as the main catalyst for Europe's Age of Discovery. The spices were purchased from India and sold in Europe and Asia. It has also influenced other cuisines around the world , particularly those in Southeast Asia , the British Isles and the Caribbean .
history
Indian cuisine reflects a 5000 year history of various groups and cultures interacting with the subcontinent , leading to the diversity of flavors and regional cuisines found in modern India - day. Later Mughals , British and Portuguese influence added to the already diverse Indian cuisine.
antiquity
A normal diet at the beginning of India consists of fruits, vegetables , cereals, eggs , dairy products, honey, and sometimes meat . Over time , the segments of the population have adopted vegetarianism. The advent of Buddhism affected this change, as well as an equitable climate permitting a variety of fruits , vegetables and grains to grow throughout the year. A classification system for foods classified saatvic any item , or raajsic taamsic developed in Ayurveda. The Bhagavad Gita prescribes certain dietary practices (Chapter 17 , verses 8-10) ] During this period , the consumption of beef became taboo , because cattle are considered sacred in Hinduism. Many Indians continue to follow this belief , which makes the use of meat in the rare Indian cuisine. Beef is not usually consumed by Hindus in India.
Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages , several North Indian dynasties were predominant , including the Gupta dynasty. Travelers to India during this period have introduced new products and methods of cooking area , including tea and spices. Northern India was then invaded by the cultures of Central Asia, which led to the emergence of Mughlai , a mixture of Indian and Central Asian cuisine . Features include seasonings such as saffron,
Trade with ancient Sumerian , Assyrian and later Arab cultures also helped import more of these techniques Kabi culinary .
ingredients
Spices at a grocery store in India
The staples of Indian cuisine are millet ( bajra ) , rice, whole wheat flour ( atta) , and a variety of lenses , especially masoor (most often red lentils), Toor ( pigeon pea ) , urad ( black gram ) , and moong ( mung bean ) . The lenses can be used together, husked , for example, Dhuli moong or urad Dhuli or split. Split lentils or dal , are used extensively. Some pulses , like channa (chick peas), Rajma or beans , lobiya are very common , especially in the northern regions . Channa and mung are also processed into flour ( besan ) .
Many Indian dishes are cooked in vegetable oil, but peanut oil is very popular in northern and western India, mustard oil in eastern India and coconut oil on the west coast , especially in Kerala. gingelly ( sesame ) oil is common in the south because it gives a flavor of hazelnut flavored . in recent decades, sunflower oil and soybean oil have become popular across India . hydrogenated vegetable oil , known as Vanaspati ghee , is another popular cooking medium . ghee made from butter or desi ghee , is used frequently , but less than in the past.
Lentils are a staple ingredient in Indian cooking
Spices and the most important and frequently used in Indian cooking aromas pepper whole or chili powder ( mirch ) (introduced by the Portuguese in the 16th century), the black mustard seeds ( SARSO ) , cardamom ( elaichi ) , cumin ( jeera ) , turmeric ( Haldi ) , asafoetida ( hing ) , ginger ( adrak ) , coriander ( dhania ) , and garlic ( lehsun ) . a mixture of popular spice is garam masala , a powder that typically includes five or more dried spices , especially cardamom, cinnamon ( dalchini ) , and clove. Each dining area has a distinctive garam masala blend- individual leaders may also have their own . Goda masala is a comparable , though sweet, spice mix popular in Maharashtra. Some leaves commonly used for flavoring include Bay ( tejpat ) , coriander, fenugreek and mint leaves . The use of leaves and roots to flavor curry is typical of Gujarati [21] and South Indian cuisine . sweet dishes are often flavored with cardamom , saffron , nutmeg, and rose petal essences .
The development of these Indian cuisines and kitchens have been shaped by beliefs Dharmic , particularly in vegetarianism , which is a growing food trend in Indian society . There was also an influence in Central Asia on North Indian cuisine years of Mughal rule and the Turkish sultanate of Delhi . Indian cuisine has been and is still evolving , due to the nation's cultural interactions with other companies .
Historical incidents such as foreign invasions, trade and colonialism have also played a role in the introduction of certain foods in the country. For example, potatoes, a staple of the Indian diet was brought to India by the Portuguese, who also introduced chillies and breadfruit Indian cuisine also marked the history of relations international , . The spice trade between India and Europe is often cited by historians as the main catalyst for Europe's Age of Discovery. The spices were purchased from India and sold in Europe and Asia. It has also influenced other cuisines around the world , particularly those in Southeast Asia , the British Isles and the Caribbean .
history
Indian cuisine reflects a 5000 year history of various groups and cultures interacting with the subcontinent , leading to the diversity of flavors and regional cuisines found in modern India - day. Later Mughals , British and Portuguese influence added to the already diverse Indian cuisine.
antiquity
A normal diet at the beginning of India consists of fruits, vegetables , cereals, eggs , dairy products, honey, and sometimes meat . Over time , the segments of the population have adopted vegetarianism. The advent of Buddhism affected this change, as well as an equitable climate permitting a variety of fruits , vegetables and grains to grow throughout the year. A classification system for foods classified saatvic any item , or raajsic taamsic developed in Ayurveda. The Bhagavad Gita prescribes certain dietary practices (Chapter 17 , verses 8-10) ] During this period , the consumption of beef became taboo , because cattle are considered sacred in Hinduism. Many Indians continue to follow this belief , which makes the use of meat in the rare Indian cuisine. Beef is not usually consumed by Hindus in India.
Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages , several North Indian dynasties were predominant , including the Gupta dynasty. Travelers to India during this period have introduced new products and methods of cooking area , including tea and spices. Northern India was then invaded by the cultures of Central Asia, which led to the emergence of Mughlai , a mixture of Indian and Central Asian cuisine . Features include seasonings such as saffron,
Trade with ancient Sumerian , Assyrian and later Arab cultures also helped import more of these techniques Kabi culinary .
ingredients
Spices at a grocery store in India
The staples of Indian cuisine are millet ( bajra ) , rice, whole wheat flour ( atta) , and a variety of lenses , especially masoor (most often red lentils), Toor ( pigeon pea ) , urad ( black gram ) , and moong ( mung bean ) . The lenses can be used together, husked , for example, Dhuli moong or urad Dhuli or split. Split lentils or dal , are used extensively. Some pulses , like channa (chick peas), Rajma or beans , lobiya are very common , especially in the northern regions . Channa and mung are also processed into flour ( besan ) .
Many Indian dishes are cooked in vegetable oil, but peanut oil is very popular in northern and western India, mustard oil in eastern India and coconut oil on the west coast , especially in Kerala. gingelly ( sesame ) oil is common in the south because it gives a flavor of hazelnut flavored . in recent decades, sunflower oil and soybean oil have become popular across India . hydrogenated vegetable oil , known as Vanaspati ghee , is another popular cooking medium . ghee made from butter or desi ghee , is used frequently , but less than in the past.
Lentils are a staple ingredient in Indian cooking
Spices and the most important and frequently used in Indian cooking aromas pepper whole or chili powder ( mirch ) (introduced by the Portuguese in the 16th century), the black mustard seeds ( SARSO ) , cardamom ( elaichi ) , cumin ( jeera ) , turmeric ( Haldi ) , asafoetida ( hing ) , ginger ( adrak ) , coriander ( dhania ) , and garlic ( lehsun ) . a mixture of popular spice is garam masala , a powder that typically includes five or more dried spices , especially cardamom, cinnamon ( dalchini ) , and clove. Each dining area has a distinctive garam masala blend- individual leaders may also have their own . Goda masala is a comparable , though sweet, spice mix popular in Maharashtra. Some leaves commonly used for flavoring include Bay ( tejpat ) , coriander, fenugreek and mint leaves . The use of leaves and roots to flavor curry is typical of Gujarati [21] and South Indian cuisine . sweet dishes are often flavored with cardamom , saffron , nutmeg, and rose petal essences .
Monday 5 August 2013
Himalayas and other mountain ranges
A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. Mountains are formed by tectonic forces or volcanism. These forces can locally increase the surface of the earth by more than 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Mountains slowly erode through the action of rivers, weather and glaciers. Some mountains are isolated peaks , but most occur in huge mountain ranges.
High altitude mountain produce colder than sea level climates. These colder climates strongly affect ecosystem mountains different elevations have plants and animals. Due to the less fertile ground and climate , the mountains tend to be less used for agriculture and for resource extraction and recreation , such as climbing .
The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia, whose summit is 8849.868 m ( 29,035 ft) above the average level of the Sea. The highest known mountain in no matter what planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft)
There is no universally accepted definition of the mountain. Elevation , volume, relief, steepness , spacing and continuity have been used as criteria for defining a mountain. [1] In the Oxford English Dictionary a mountain is defined as " a natural elevation of the earth surface rising more or less abruptly from the surrounding level and attaining an altitude which , relatively to the adjacent elevation, is impressive or significant " . [1]
Whether a landform is called a mountain may depend on local usage. The highest in San Francisco , California point is called Mount Davidson , notwithstanding its height of 300 m ( 980 ft) , making it about twenty feet below the minimum for a mountain by American designations . [Citation needed ] Similarly , Mount Scott outside Lawton, Oklahoma is only 251 m ( 823 ft) from its base to its highest point . The dictionary Whittow physical Geographystates " Some authorities consider elevations above 600 m (2000 ft) like mountains , they will be designated as the hills. "
In the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, a mountain is generally defined as any top at least 2,000 feet (or 610 meters ) high, while the definition of the agent of the British government of a mountain, for the purpose of access is a top of 600 meters or more. [8] In addition, some definitions also include a requirement of topographic prominence , typically 100 feet (30 m ) or 500 feet (152 m). [9] for a while , the United States has defined a mountain as 1,000 feet ( 304.8 m) or greater. Any form of similar terrain below this height was considered a hill. However, today , the United States Geological Survey (USGS ) concluded that these terms do not have technical definitions in the United States .
Jotunheimen in Norway Scandinavia and the highest mountain in northern Europe in the middle Galdhopiggen
The definition of the UN Environment Programme " mountainous environment" includes the following:
Altitude of at least 2,500 m ( 8,200 ft);
Altitude of at least 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft), with a slope greater than 2 degrees ;
Altitude of at least 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft), with a slope greater than 5 degrees ;
Altitude of at least 300 m ( 980 ft ), with a 300 m ( 980 ft ) above sea level in the range 7 km ( 4.3 mi) .
According to these definitions, mountains cover 33% of Eurasia, 19% of South America , 24% in North America and 14% in Africa. [12] Overall, 24% of the land mass of the planet is mountainous
geology
Main articles: mountain formation and the types of mountain
Jeff Davis peak seen from the top of the glacier carved Wheeler Peak, Nevada
There are three main types of mountains : Volcanic , fold and blocks. The three types are formed from plate tectonics : when portions of the crust removal, wrinkle , and scuba Earth. Isostatic forces , and the intrusion of igneous matter forces, area rock upward, creating a higher level than the surrounding terrain elements . The height of the function , it is either a hill or , if higher and steeper , a mountain. High mountains tend to occur in long linear arcs , indicating tectonic plate boundaries and activity .
volcanoes
Article: Volcano
Volcanoes are formed when one plate is pushed underneath another plate , or a mid- ocean ridge or hotspot. At a depth of about 100 km, melting occurs in the rock above the slab (due to the addition of water ) and forms magma that reaches the surface . When the magma reaches the surface, it often builds a volcanic mountain, like a shield volcano or stratovolcano . Examples of volcanoes include Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. Magma does not need to reach the surface to create a mountain magma solidifies basement can still form mountains dome as Navajo Mountain in the United States.
folds
Article: folding
Folds occur when two plates collide : the shortening occurs along thrust faults and crust is overthickened.Since continental crust "floats" less dense on the denser mantle rocks beneath , the weight of materials crust pushed upward to form hills, plateaus and mountains must be balanced by the buoyant force of a much greater volume forced downward into the mantle. Thus, the continental crust is normally much thicker under mountains , compared to low-lying areas . [18] Roche can be folded symmetrically or asymmetrically . The upfolds are anticlines and synclines are downfolds : in asymmetric folding there may also be recumbent and overturned folds . The Jura Mountains are an example of folding.
Mountains block
Main article: Mountains blocks
The Catskills are a dissected plateau.
Mountains block are caused by faults in the crust : a seam where the rocks can move on each other . When the rocks on one side of a rise in defaults over the other , it can form a mountain blocks are lifted mountains or horst blocks . Blocks fell stakeholders are called graben : these can be small or form extensive systems Rift Valley . This form of landscape can be seen in East Africa, the Vosges, the basin and range province of Western North America and the Rhine valley . These areas often occur when the regional stress is extensional and the crust is thinned .
Erosion
Main article : Erosion
During and after the uprising , the mountains are subject to the agents of erosion (water, wind , ice and gravity) that wear out gradually raised down area. Erosion causes the surface of mountains to be younger than the rocks that make up the mountains themselves . [20] glacial processes produce characteristic landforms, like the top of the pyramids , knife edges and circus -shaped bowl may contain lakes. Mountain Plateau , such as the Catskills , are formed by the erosion of a plateau raised .
climate
A mountain in Carbon County , Utah
Main article: Alpine climate
Himalayan mountains in Spiti
Climate of the mountains become colder at altitude, because of the way the sun warms the surface of the Earth. [21] The sun heats the ground directly , while the greenhouse acts as a blanket , which reflects heat back to Earth that would otherwise be lost in space . The greenhouse effect and keeps the hot air at low altitude. With altitude, there is less greenhouse effect , so that the ambient temperature drops .
The rate at which temperature decreases with altitude , called the rate of environmental degradation is not constant ( it can vary during the day or seasonally and also regionally ), but a rate typical decay is 5.5 ° C per 1,000 m (3.57 ° F per 1,000 ft). [23 ] [24 ] Therefore, moving up 100 meters on a mountain is roughly equivalent to around 80 km ( 45 miles or 0.75 ° latitude ) to the nearest pole. This relationship is approximate , however, since local factors such as the proximity of the ocean ( such as the Arctic Ocean) can significantly alter the climate. As altitude increases , the main form of precipitation is snow and increasing winds.
The effect of climate on the ecology , at an altitude can be easily won by a combination of precipitation amount , and biotemperature as described by Leslie Holdridge in 1947. biotemperature is the average temperature , where the temperatures below 0 ° C (32 ° F ) is considered as 0 ° C. When the temperature is below 0 ° C , the plants are dormant , so that the exact temperature is not important . Mountain peaks with permanent snow can have a biotemperature below 1.5 ° C (34.7 ° F).
ecology
Main article: mountain ecology
The cooler climate of the mountains affect the plants and animals living in the mountains. A particular set of plants and animals tend to be adapted to a relatively narrow range of climate. Thus , ecosystems tend to be along the elevation of temperature bands almost constant . This is called the altitudinal zonation . [29] In areas with dry climates, the tendency of mountains to have precipitation as well as lower temperatures also provides for varying conditions, which improves zoning.
An alpine mire in the Swiss Alps
Some plants and animals found in upland areas tend to become isolated since the conditions above and below a particular zone will be inhospitable and thus limit their movements or dispersal . These isolated ecological systems are known as sky islands .
Upland areas tend to follow a typical pattern . At higher elevations, trees can not grow, and whatever life may be present will be of the alpine type , resembling tundra Just below the tree line , one may find subalpine forests of coniferous trees , which can withstand cold and dry conditions. Below the mountain forests grow . In temperate parts of the world , forests tend to be Coniferous trees , while in the tropics, they may be growing in a deciduous tropical forest.
in society
The climbers ascending Mount Rainier
Mountains are generally less preferable for human habitation than lowlands , due to harsh weather conditions and little flat land suitable for agriculture . While 7 % of the surface of the Earth is over 2500 meters ( 8200 feet) , only 140 million people above that altitudeand only 20-30 million people over 3000 meters ( 9800 feet) above sea level. [ 35] The atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing elevation means that less oxygen available for breathing , and there is less protection against solar radiation (UV). [30] due to the decrease in oxygen , the highest permanent settlements known in the world is 5,100 meters ( 16,700 ft), while the highest known altitude is always tolerable 5,950 meters ( 19,520 feet). [36 ] above 8,000 meters ( 26,000 feet ) above sea level , there is not enough oxygen to sustain human life. This is called the " death zone ." The summits of Mount Everest and K2 are in the death zone .
About half of the residents live in the Andes mountains , Central Asia and Africa. [13] traditional mountain societies based on agriculture, with a higher crop failure at lower altitudes risk. Minerals often occur in the mountains, mining is an important component of the economy in some mountain societies . More recently , tourism supports mountain communities , with some intensive development around attrations such as national parks or ski resorts. Approximately 80% of mountain people live below the poverty line.
Most of the world's rivers are fed from mountain sources , with the snow acts as a storage mechanism for downstream users. More than half of humanity depends on mountains for water.
Travel in mountains of Himalayas
Mountaineering , climbing, mountaineering or is the sport , hobby or profession of hiking, skiing and mountaineering. While mountaineering began as attempts to reach the point of great mountains climbed over it has branched into specializations that address different aspects of the mountain and consists of three areas: rock-craft , snow - craft and skiing , depending on whether the route chosen is over rock, snow or ice. All require experience , athletic ability , and technical knowledge to maintain safety.
High altitude mountain produce colder than sea level climates. These colder climates strongly affect ecosystem mountains different elevations have plants and animals. Due to the less fertile ground and climate , the mountains tend to be less used for agriculture and for resource extraction and recreation , such as climbing .
The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia, whose summit is 8849.868 m ( 29,035 ft) above the average level of the Sea. The highest known mountain in no matter what planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft)
There is no universally accepted definition of the mountain. Elevation , volume, relief, steepness , spacing and continuity have been used as criteria for defining a mountain. [1] In the Oxford English Dictionary a mountain is defined as " a natural elevation of the earth surface rising more or less abruptly from the surrounding level and attaining an altitude which , relatively to the adjacent elevation, is impressive or significant " . [1]
Whether a landform is called a mountain may depend on local usage. The highest in San Francisco , California point is called Mount Davidson , notwithstanding its height of 300 m ( 980 ft) , making it about twenty feet below the minimum for a mountain by American designations . [Citation needed ] Similarly , Mount Scott outside Lawton, Oklahoma is only 251 m ( 823 ft) from its base to its highest point . The dictionary Whittow physical Geographystates " Some authorities consider elevations above 600 m (2000 ft) like mountains , they will be designated as the hills. "
In the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, a mountain is generally defined as any top at least 2,000 feet (or 610 meters ) high, while the definition of the agent of the British government of a mountain, for the purpose of access is a top of 600 meters or more. [8] In addition, some definitions also include a requirement of topographic prominence , typically 100 feet (30 m ) or 500 feet (152 m). [9] for a while , the United States has defined a mountain as 1,000 feet ( 304.8 m) or greater. Any form of similar terrain below this height was considered a hill. However, today , the United States Geological Survey (USGS ) concluded that these terms do not have technical definitions in the United States .
Jotunheimen in Norway Scandinavia and the highest mountain in northern Europe in the middle Galdhopiggen
The definition of the UN Environment Programme " mountainous environment" includes the following:
Altitude of at least 2,500 m ( 8,200 ft);
Altitude of at least 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft), with a slope greater than 2 degrees ;
Altitude of at least 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft), with a slope greater than 5 degrees ;
Altitude of at least 300 m ( 980 ft ), with a 300 m ( 980 ft ) above sea level in the range 7 km ( 4.3 mi) .
According to these definitions, mountains cover 33% of Eurasia, 19% of South America , 24% in North America and 14% in Africa. [12] Overall, 24% of the land mass of the planet is mountainous
geology
Main articles: mountain formation and the types of mountain
Jeff Davis peak seen from the top of the glacier carved Wheeler Peak, Nevada
There are three main types of mountains : Volcanic , fold and blocks. The three types are formed from plate tectonics : when portions of the crust removal, wrinkle , and scuba Earth. Isostatic forces , and the intrusion of igneous matter forces, area rock upward, creating a higher level than the surrounding terrain elements . The height of the function , it is either a hill or , if higher and steeper , a mountain. High mountains tend to occur in long linear arcs , indicating tectonic plate boundaries and activity .
volcanoes
Article: Volcano
Volcanoes are formed when one plate is pushed underneath another plate , or a mid- ocean ridge or hotspot. At a depth of about 100 km, melting occurs in the rock above the slab (due to the addition of water ) and forms magma that reaches the surface . When the magma reaches the surface, it often builds a volcanic mountain, like a shield volcano or stratovolcano . Examples of volcanoes include Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. Magma does not need to reach the surface to create a mountain magma solidifies basement can still form mountains dome as Navajo Mountain in the United States.
folds
Article: folding
Folds occur when two plates collide : the shortening occurs along thrust faults and crust is overthickened.Since continental crust "floats" less dense on the denser mantle rocks beneath , the weight of materials crust pushed upward to form hills, plateaus and mountains must be balanced by the buoyant force of a much greater volume forced downward into the mantle. Thus, the continental crust is normally much thicker under mountains , compared to low-lying areas . [18] Roche can be folded symmetrically or asymmetrically . The upfolds are anticlines and synclines are downfolds : in asymmetric folding there may also be recumbent and overturned folds . The Jura Mountains are an example of folding.
Mountains block
Main article: Mountains blocks
The Catskills are a dissected plateau.
Mountains block are caused by faults in the crust : a seam where the rocks can move on each other . When the rocks on one side of a rise in defaults over the other , it can form a mountain blocks are lifted mountains or horst blocks . Blocks fell stakeholders are called graben : these can be small or form extensive systems Rift Valley . This form of landscape can be seen in East Africa, the Vosges, the basin and range province of Western North America and the Rhine valley . These areas often occur when the regional stress is extensional and the crust is thinned .
Erosion
Main article : Erosion
During and after the uprising , the mountains are subject to the agents of erosion (water, wind , ice and gravity) that wear out gradually raised down area. Erosion causes the surface of mountains to be younger than the rocks that make up the mountains themselves . [20] glacial processes produce characteristic landforms, like the top of the pyramids , knife edges and circus -shaped bowl may contain lakes. Mountain Plateau , such as the Catskills , are formed by the erosion of a plateau raised .
climate
A mountain in Carbon County , Utah
Main article: Alpine climate
Himalayan mountains in Spiti
Climate of the mountains become colder at altitude, because of the way the sun warms the surface of the Earth. [21] The sun heats the ground directly , while the greenhouse acts as a blanket , which reflects heat back to Earth that would otherwise be lost in space . The greenhouse effect and keeps the hot air at low altitude. With altitude, there is less greenhouse effect , so that the ambient temperature drops .
The rate at which temperature decreases with altitude , called the rate of environmental degradation is not constant ( it can vary during the day or seasonally and also regionally ), but a rate typical decay is 5.5 ° C per 1,000 m (3.57 ° F per 1,000 ft). [23 ] [24 ] Therefore, moving up 100 meters on a mountain is roughly equivalent to around 80 km ( 45 miles or 0.75 ° latitude ) to the nearest pole. This relationship is approximate , however, since local factors such as the proximity of the ocean ( such as the Arctic Ocean) can significantly alter the climate. As altitude increases , the main form of precipitation is snow and increasing winds.
The effect of climate on the ecology , at an altitude can be easily won by a combination of precipitation amount , and biotemperature as described by Leslie Holdridge in 1947. biotemperature is the average temperature , where the temperatures below 0 ° C (32 ° F ) is considered as 0 ° C. When the temperature is below 0 ° C , the plants are dormant , so that the exact temperature is not important . Mountain peaks with permanent snow can have a biotemperature below 1.5 ° C (34.7 ° F).
ecology
Main article: mountain ecology
The cooler climate of the mountains affect the plants and animals living in the mountains. A particular set of plants and animals tend to be adapted to a relatively narrow range of climate. Thus , ecosystems tend to be along the elevation of temperature bands almost constant . This is called the altitudinal zonation . [29] In areas with dry climates, the tendency of mountains to have precipitation as well as lower temperatures also provides for varying conditions, which improves zoning.
An alpine mire in the Swiss Alps
Some plants and animals found in upland areas tend to become isolated since the conditions above and below a particular zone will be inhospitable and thus limit their movements or dispersal . These isolated ecological systems are known as sky islands .
Upland areas tend to follow a typical pattern . At higher elevations, trees can not grow, and whatever life may be present will be of the alpine type , resembling tundra Just below the tree line , one may find subalpine forests of coniferous trees , which can withstand cold and dry conditions. Below the mountain forests grow . In temperate parts of the world , forests tend to be Coniferous trees , while in the tropics, they may be growing in a deciduous tropical forest.
in society
The climbers ascending Mount Rainier
Mountains are generally less preferable for human habitation than lowlands , due to harsh weather conditions and little flat land suitable for agriculture . While 7 % of the surface of the Earth is over 2500 meters ( 8200 feet) , only 140 million people above that altitudeand only 20-30 million people over 3000 meters ( 9800 feet) above sea level. [ 35] The atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing elevation means that less oxygen available for breathing , and there is less protection against solar radiation (UV). [30] due to the decrease in oxygen , the highest permanent settlements known in the world is 5,100 meters ( 16,700 ft), while the highest known altitude is always tolerable 5,950 meters ( 19,520 feet). [36 ] above 8,000 meters ( 26,000 feet ) above sea level , there is not enough oxygen to sustain human life. This is called the " death zone ." The summits of Mount Everest and K2 are in the death zone .
About half of the residents live in the Andes mountains , Central Asia and Africa. [13] traditional mountain societies based on agriculture, with a higher crop failure at lower altitudes risk. Minerals often occur in the mountains, mining is an important component of the economy in some mountain societies . More recently , tourism supports mountain communities , with some intensive development around attrations such as national parks or ski resorts. Approximately 80% of mountain people live below the poverty line.
Most of the world's rivers are fed from mountain sources , with the snow acts as a storage mechanism for downstream users. More than half of humanity depends on mountains for water.
Travel in mountains of Himalayas
Mountaineering , climbing, mountaineering or is the sport , hobby or profession of hiking, skiing and mountaineering. While mountaineering began as attempts to reach the point of great mountains climbed over it has branched into specializations that address different aspects of the mountain and consists of three areas: rock-craft , snow - craft and skiing , depending on whether the route chosen is over rock, snow or ice. All require experience , athletic ability , and technical knowledge to maintain safety.
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